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The The Boiling Rock: Part 2
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Book Three: Fire premiered on Nickelodeon on September 21, 2007. It consisted of 21 episodes and concluded with the four-part series finale "Sozin's Comet" on July 19, 2008. Like the previous seasons, it received critical acclaim, with many praising it as a satisfying conclusion to the series. Between October 30, 2007 and September 16, 2008, Paramount Home Entertainment released four DVD volumes and a complete boxset.
Zuko meets Aang and his friends at the Western Air Temple, with the intention to join their group and teach Aang firebending. He desperately tries to prove to them that he has changed for the better; however, they furiously reject Zuko due to his past actions. After he leaves, Toph challenges the others for dismissing him so quickly when Aang is in desperate need of a Firebending teacher. Toph eventually decides to speak to Zuko herself, but she accidentally startles him in his sleep, causing Zuko to reflexively firebend at her and burn her feet. Toph crawls back to the temple for help, where Sokka decides they must go after Zuko in retaliation. Team Avatar is nearly killed upon the sudden arrival of Combustion Man, but Zuko intervenes and affects his aim just enough to save them. Sokka defeats Combustion Man by hitting him in the third eye with his boomerang, causing the assassin to blow himself apart. While the group does allow Zuko to join them, they are still reluctant and skeptical. An embittered Katara warns Zuko that she will kill him if he betrays them or hurts Aang again.
Zuko tries to teach Aang how to firebend, but he has lost his own ability to bend as he is no longer reliant on rage, the previous source of his firebending. Toph suggests they learn from the original source of firebending, revealed to be the dragons, who first imparted their knowledge to a now-extinct civilization called the Sun Warriors. Zuko tells Aang that Iroh claimed to have killed the last dragon, so Aang and Zuko travel to Sun Warriors' ruins and discover the tribe still exists. The tribe chief agrees to teach them the ways of the Sun, having the pair each carry a sacred flame up the mountain to meet the masters Ran and Shaw, a pair of surviving dragons. The dragons deem them worthy and engulf them in a column of rainbow fire; Aang and Zuko realize that fire can bring energy and life, not just destruction. The tribe tells the duo that Iroh was also deemed worthy by the dragons, and claimed to have killed the last one to protect Ram and Shaw. Both Aang and Zuko begin to firebend again, stronger than ever before.
To find Sokka's father Hakoda, Sokka and Zuko infiltrate the Fire Nation's top prison, the Boiling Rock, located on an island surrounded by a boiling lake. Unfortunately, they crash their balloon on arrival and cannot easily leave. They disguise themselves as guards and begin asking around about Water Tribe prisoners; while there are none, the pair discovers Suki is in the prison. Zuko's cover is blown while Sokka and Suki reunite, and the warden, who turns out to be Mai's uncle, recognizes him. He informs Zuko that in due time he will be handed back over to Ozai. A fellow prisoner, Chit Sang, overhears Sokka, Suki and Zuko discussing their escape plan, and forces his way in. Sokka plans to use one of the insulated coolers, used to punish prisoners who firebend, as a boat to cross the lake. As they prepare to leave, Sokka and Zuko overhear that a new batch of prisoners will arrive at dawn, potentially including Hakoda. Sokka, Suki and Zuko decide to stay behind and wait, while Chit Sang sets sail in the cooler but is soon caught. Hakoda is revealed to be among the new prisoners.
Evaluation of gas concentrations in Olkaria geothermal field revealed that on average gases are the highest in the Domes, intermediate in Northeast production field and lowest in East production field (West JEC [1] ). West JEC [1] considered three factors for the variations: 1) CO2 gets added at great depth to Northeast production field and Domes waters as a result of volcanic degassing below these areas, with less input of deep CO2 to the East production field; 2) CO2 addition at depth is similar in all three areas, but waters of the East production field lose CO2 during the onset of boiling in the reservoir such that the CO2 escapes to fumaroles which lie in the west and south of East production field; 3) cap-rock conditions in the Northeast production field and Domes are somewhat more restrictive than in the East production field, leading to more entrapment at shallower levels of CO2 that has been released by boiling. Gases in particular CO2, H2S, H2 and CH4 are natural components of volcanic geothermal systems like Olkaria (Kenya), Mahanagdong (Philippines) and Nesjavellir, Hellisheidi and Krafla (Iceland) (Arnórsson et al. [2] and Angcoy [3] ).
The concentration of gases in a geothermal field under exploitation is higher than those of the parent fluid (Akin et al. [6] ). The value is frequently in the range 50 - 300 and 2 - 20 mmoles/kg of steam for CO2 and H2S respectively (Giroud and Arnórsson [4] ). The variation is dependent on their concentration in the parent geothermal fluid, the steam fraction, the steam separation pressure and the boiling processes. According to Giroud and Arnórsson [4] , long-term utilization of geothermal reservoirs can lead to decline in the concentrations of CO2 and H2S in the steam. This decline may be caused by the recharge of cold water into producing aquifers and/or progressive boiling of water retained in the aquifer by capillary forces. Enhanced boiling, which is a consequence of reservoir pressure draw down and steam separation during lateral flow into production wells may cause the well discharge to become depleted in gas. In case of a boiling reservoir, the gas concentrations tend to be higher compared to concentrations at a particular temperature and formation of steam caps in the reservoir and/or enhance fumarolic activity. Karingithi [5] also notes that gas samples from marginal wells whose discharge fluid are mixed with non-geothermal fluid show low H2 and H2S values with respect to the equilibrium with the mentioned buffer.
For a field that is under utilization like Olkaria, changes in the gas content of well discharges with time help in providing valuable information about the response of the reservoir to the production load (Karingithi [5] ). This is in respect with processes such as cold recharge resulting to fluid-fluid mixing, volcanic degassing and enhanced boiling (Gudmundsson and Arnórsson [8] ; Armannsson [9] ). In this study an evaluation of reaction processes controlling the concentration of prevalent reactive gases CO2, H2S, H2, CH4 and N2 in Olkaria well discharges are determined. The procedure involve first the determination of the equilibrium state between fluids and rocks using the software package SOLVEQ followed by determination of reaction processes in aqueous-mineral-gas systems using the software package CHILLER (Reed et al. [10] [11] ). The software package SOLVEQ/CHILLER, have been preferred due to its applicability for studying multiphase systems as well undergo boiling and mixing processes (Bienkowski et al. [12] ). This issue is relevant for the long-term release of gases from geothermal power plants. This is with the purpose of predicting possible decline in gas emissions. Then the results are evaluated against the measured pressures through the downhole temperature and pressure surveys to determine if there are chances of gas breakout occurrence.
The water discharged from wells in the Olkaria field is low in dissolved solids compared to fluids from most other drilled high-temperature geothermal fields in the world with chloride concentrations in liquid ranges between 50 and 1100 ppm (Karingithi [28] ). The water from wells in Olkaria East and Northeast (Figure 2) tend to be highest in chloride at about 1000 ppm. According to Karingithi [5] the high chloride could be as a result of up flow of deep high-temperature geothermal fluid, although progressive boiling by heat flow from the rock may also be a contributing factor.
The chemical data was first run through SOLVEQ to determine the equilibrium state of the system and then through CHILLER considering the processes that have been proven to be occurring in the most high temperature geothermal fields (Reed et al. [10] ). These processes include boiling and condensing processes, fluid-fluid mixing and rocks titration (hydrothermal alteration of the mineralogy of a well as a result of hot fluids and rocks interaction). Their effect on the evolution of gases is by looking at the resulting recalculated gas pressures. 2ff7e9595c
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